随着区块链技术的快速发展，以太坊作为最成熟的智能合约平台，吸引了大量开发者的关注，在实际应用中，我们常常需要通过程序与以太坊上的智能合约进行交互，例如调用合约方法、读取数据或发送交易，Go语言（Golang）凭借其高效的并发性能和简洁的语法，成为区块链开发的热门选择，本文将详细介绍如何使用Go语言调用以太坊智能合约，涵盖环境搭建、合约部署、交互实现等关键步骤。
环境准备与依赖安装
在开始之前，需要确保开发环境已安装以下工具和库：
以太坊节点
可以选择本地运行的以太坊节点（如Geth或Parity），或连接到公共测试网（如Ropsten、Kovan），本文以本地Geth节点为例：
# 安装Geth（以macOS为例） brew install geth # 启动本地私有链（默认端口8545） geth --datadir ./data --http --http.addr "0.0.0.0" --http.port "8545" --http.api "eth,web3,personal" --dev
--dev参数会自动创建一个开发者账户并预置10000 ETH,方便测试。
Go语言与以太坊库
确保已安装Go（建议1.16+版本），然后通过go get安装必要的以太坊交互库：
go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi/bind go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient
go-ethereum是以太坊官方Go实现，提供了完整的节点交互功能；abi和abi/bind用于处理合约ABI（Application Binary Interface）与Go代码的绑定。
智能合约示例
本文以一个简单的Storage合约为例，实现存储和读取字符串的功能：
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Storage {
string public storedData;
constructor(string memory initialData) {
storedData = initialData;
}
function set(string memory memoryData) public {
storedData = memoryData;
}
function get() public view returns (string memory) {
return storedData;
}
}
编译该合约（使用Solidity编译器，如solc）：
# 安装solc npm install -g solc # 编译合约 solc --bin --abi Storage.sol -o ./build
编译后会生成Storage.bin（字节码）和Storage.abi（接口描述）文件。
部署合约到以太坊网络
在Go中调用合约前，需先将合约部署到以太坊节点，以下是部署合约的代码实现：
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"log"
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi/bind"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi/bind/backends"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
)
func main() {
// 1. 创建模拟节点（测试用，实际开发可替换为真实节点连接）
privateKey, err := crypto.GenerateKey()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("生成私钥失败: %v", err)
}
auth, err := bind.NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID(privateKey, big.NewInt(1337)) // 私有链ChainID
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("创建Transactor失败: %v", err)
}
// 初始数据
initialData := "Hello, Ethereum!"
// 2. 部署合约
// 读取ABI和字节码
abi, err := abi.JSON([]byte(`[{"inputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"initialData","type":"string"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"constructor"},{"inputs":[],"name":"get","outputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"","type":"string"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"memoryData","type":"string"}],"name":"set","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"}]`))
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("解析ABI失败: %v", err)
}
bytecode := common.HexToBytes("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"))
// 3. 部署合约
nonce, err := auth.NonceAt(context.Background(), auth.From)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("获取Nonce失败: %v", err)
}
auth.Nonce = big.NewInt(int64(nonce))
// 创建合约部署交易
deployTx, _, _, err := bind.DeployContract(
auth,
abi,
bytecode,
backends.NewSimulatedBackend(core.GenesisAlloc{auth.From: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000)}}, 8000000),
